The complexity of neural function, and the myriad genes implicated in the smooth working of the systems, means that things can go wrong in many different ways. Study of neurodevelopmental disorders has uncovered many genes and different mechanisms of disruption. Dissecting the function of these genes helps us build a picture of the complex pathways and regulatory networks involved. Epilepsy has been recognised since biblical times. We now know that many forms are associated with mutations in ion channels and ways to treat this group of distressing and often progressive diseases have been developed. Novel therapeutic approaches are emerging with increasing understanding of molecular mechanisms.

Understanding pain and managing different aspects has a long history too. With increasing molecular insight into the genesis of pain, new drugs are now being developed. With increasing brain complexity novel mechanisms of communication evolved and speech and language development is a key human attribute, although, increasingly, related animal communication systems are now recognised.

Movement disorders are distressing conditions often caused by anomalous neural control; some are congenital while other forms develop in later life. Identifying disease associated genes can provide insight into mechanisms and permit the development of therapeutic approaches. This is of course of huge interest to those affected by conditions such as Parkinson’s disease. We look forward to hearing a discussion between a clinician scientist working to understand and ameliorate this disease and a high profile, knowledgeable, affected individual.

Many complex behaviours are increasingly understood at the neuro-molecular level. Our final focus will be on the fascinating topic of the neural control of appetite.